With the cooperation of the Australian Government, the British Nuclear Weapons Testing Program was conducted in Australia from 1952 to 1963. Weapons testing occurred at three locations: Monte Bello Islands, Emu Field, and Maralinga. In addition to the detonation of twelve full-scale nuclear bombs, there were hundreds of subcritical trials which further released radioactive materials. At Maralinga Tjarutja, located in the Great Victoria Desert, the testing program consisted of two operations, Buffalo and Antler, with a total of seven nuclear weapons detonations - ground, air, and tower bursts. These highly destructive tests displaced the traditional Anangu Indigenous owners of this land, and was kept hidden from the Australian public. The damaging effects have been long-lasting and wide spread.